A string is enclosed by single quotes and returned, where each single quotation mark ("'"), backslash ("\"), ascii nul, and Control-Z appear in the string, A backslash is added before the character. it as a string that uses a particular character set and List of special characters that mysql_real_escape_string can encode are shown below: 0x00 (null) Newline (\n) Carriage return (\r) Double quotes (") Backslash (\) 0x1A (Ctrl+Z) We should be very careful while using mysql_real_escape_string () function to encode numeric parameters since they are usually written in the query without quotes. What is important to remember here is that you mustalways enclose the sanitized parameter between quotes when usingmysql_real_escape_string() otherwize a SQL injection vulnerability will be created. Within SQL (") characters. I used the addcslashes function to replace NUL characters with a \0 code because MySQL treats this character as the end of a string. Note that when the query is first echoed out, it contains all of those problematic characters. from - a string which will be encoded by mysql_real_escape_string(). Once verified, infringing content will be removed immediately. marks is interpreted as an identifier. introducer that indicates a different character set, as Even if most of the time you should escape wildcards characters, there are some cases where you may want the user to use them. This is a great function however which you should make use of. n'literal') to In this article, we will look at how to escape single quote, double quotes, apostrophe, backticks and other special characters. You can download a secure simulation environment to try every techniques explained on this website. Here is how it can be done: Sanitize data (also escape all MySQL wildcards). Every time this function is used to sanitize data, it calls MySQL's library function. A The first argument is the database connection itself, and the second is the string you want to cleanse. are used to search for literal instances of % \t - A tab character. Table9.1, Special Character Escape Sequences. containing NUL characters if they are not indicated by the Time-Based Blind SQL Injection using Heavy Query, Estimating MySQL Table Size using SQL Injection, Analysing Server Response and Page Source, Database Fingerprinting for SQL Injection, Identify Data Entries for SQL Injection Attacks. content of the page makes you feel confusing, please write us an email, we will handle the problem complaint, to info-contact@alibabacloud.com. mysql_real_escape_string() calls MySQL's library function mysql_real_escape_string, which prepends backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a. Here is a code sample that shows how SQL injection could be achieved when mysql_real_escape_string is not correctly implemented. \' A single quote ("'") character. character. See the If those single quotes are not properly escaped, then they are prone to this type of attack. Special characters considered are listed below. Using mysql_real_escape_string is without a doubt a simple way to secure an application against SQL injections, however it is far from the perfect world. For both types of strings, comparisons are based on the numeric string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the within 5 days after receiving your email. So in some cases, the code would work just fine, and in others if might fail altogether. Faster Response. \B is interpreted as B. The thinking was that this would save developers the mistake of forgetting to do this on their own and open up their websites to a security vulnerability. MySQL Reference: Special Character be doubled or escaped. SELECT name FROM products WHERE id='9999 OR 1=1'. (For more information, see This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or Also notice that once we run our query string through the mysqli_real_escape_string function, it comes out crisp, clean, and safely escaped for use with the database. collation: You can use There is one last thing to consider when using mysql_real_escape_string to sanitize data; the function does not escape SQL wildcards for LIKE operator. Wouldnt it be ideal to simply have a function that does this for you? enabled, string literals can be quoted only within single Implement function in C# to emulate functionality of mysql_real_escape_string() C API function. It has a character set other than Alternatively, you can escape quotes and slashes by doubling them up prior to insertion. See also MySQL: choosing an API guide. Alibaba Cloud offers highly flexible support services tailored to meet your exact needs. " needs no special treatment and need not Instead, the MySQLi or PDO_MySQL extension should be used. SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserName='{0}' AND Password='{1}'", Last Visit: 31-Dec-99 19:00 Last Update: 11-Dec-22 13:29. Character like tab, new line are translated automatically to \n and \t, but some of the problematic characters are escape ^[, CR ^M, ^U,^Z,^F,^H and maybe other that I haven't seen before. Understanding how to safely use mysql_real_escape_string function. Characters escaped by mysql_real_escape_string. The real_escape_string () / mysqli_real_escape_string () function escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL query, taking into account the current character set of the connection. description of the LIKE operator in The mysqli_real_escape_string function takes two arguments. Escape processing is done according to the character set The content source of this page is from Internet, which doesn't represent Alibaba Cloud's opinion; any of these special characters must be properly escaped before single string. Other language In this case, the API takes care of escaping special characters in the values for you. (\) and the quote character used to quote the % and _. In the same way, " pattern-matching contexts, they evaluate to the strings code values. reliability of the article or any translations thereof. To escape or encode special characters in jQuery, you can use the \\ escape character. $productid = mysql_real_escape_string($_GET['id']); SELECT name FROM products WHERE id=9999 OR 1=1. When youre using a framework, you wont need to worry about it, but when native PHP and MySQL is in use, you need to take care of this step manually. introducer and COLLATE clause, to designate Alternatives to this function include: mysqli_real_escape_string () escaped character is interpreted as if it was not escaped. As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that enables you to insert special markers into a statement string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the statement. When writing application programs, any string that might contain This website and/or it's owner is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to sqlinjection.net. This implementation did not work for me too. There is a solution to these woes however. PHP has had a few ways to try and deal with this over the years, lets look at a few now. \n is replaced with the '\n' litteral). the NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES SQL display using hexadecimal notation, depending on the value of Home > Backslash \r A carriage return character. 87 Lectures 5.5 hours. Isnt it nice that we dont have to escape characters all by ourselves? The differences between int, bigint, smallint, and tinyint in MySQL are detailed, MySQL row-level lock, table-level lock, page-level lock Detailed introduction, MySQL batch update and batch update different values for multiple records, The solution of no package Mysql-server available error when installing MySQL in the most detailed CentOS7 of the whole network (graphic detail), MySQL ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user "@ ' localhost ' to database, Telnet MySQL appears: is not allowed to connect to this MySQL serverconnection closed by foreign host problem resolution, The difference between MYSQL InnoDB's redo log and Binlog. \b A backspace character. variable. When writing application programs, any string that might contain Table9.1Special Character Escape Sequences. The function discussed in this article does not verify data types; it simply escapes some special characters. Every binary string has a character set and With all the talk about working with databases using MySQL and PHP in this tutorial series, one thing we didnt cover yet is SQL Injection and how to protect your site from it. 2009-2022 Copyright by Alibaba Cloud All rights reserved, how to insert special characters in mysql database using php, php display special characters from mysql. A ' inside a string quoted with As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that enables you to insert special markers into a statement string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the statement. \% and \_, not to Escaping the special meaning of a character is done with the backslash character as with the expression "2\+3", which matches the string "2+3". If you have a lot of data in your PHP application, you can see that having to escape any single quote that may exist in the strings of your application by hand would be a tiresome chore. 6 Free Tickets per Quarter The syntax for MySQL is very specific, and if you dont get it right, it is easy to break. For more This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL), General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Praise Rant Admin. It might seem trivial but in fact it can have a considerable impact on the query's behavior. this Manual, MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3 and NDB Cluster 7.4, 8.0 " may be written as discussed in Section10.3.6, Character String Literal Character Set and Collation. info-contact@alibabacloud.com Full example at bottom of link standard SQL update The ESCAPE keyword is used to escape pattern matching characters such as the (%) percentage and underscore (_) if they form part of the data. mysql_real_escape_string Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement Warning This extension was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0, and it was removed in PHP 7.0.0. Japanese, Section10.8.5, The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations, Section4.5.1, mysql The MySQL Command-Line Client, Section10.3.7, The National Character Set, Section10.3.8, Character Set Introducers, Table9.1, Special Character Escape Sequences, Section10.3.6, Character String Literal Character Set and Collation, Section12.8.1, String Comparison Functions and Operators, ASCII 26 (Control+Z); see note following the table. In this case, the API takes care of escaping special characters in the values for you. This Is Good! Background When writing application programs, any string that might contain any of these special characters must be properly escaped before the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is sent to the MySQL server. There are several ways to include quote characters within a mysql_real_escape_string() calls MySQL's library function mysql_real_escape_string, which prepends backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a. special characters in the values for you. What are the special characters in MySQL? $param = mysql_real_escape_string($_GET['n']); SELECT id FROM products WHERE name='a\' OR \'a\'=\'a'. collation named binary. All good things come to an end however, and in PHP5.4 Magic Quotes were sent to the trash can. For example, If the are equivalent: For information about these forms of string syntax, see mode is enabled. This was added in PHP2 and became the default in PHP3. file_name. The main idea is that the hacker takes advantage of the ability of single quotes to denote starting and ending points of SQL code. values of the string unit. So as you can see the way that we assign this special meaning to the character so that MySQL knows it is safe, is to prepend it with a backslash character. a few characters that have special meaning in SQL or to the MySQL driver. Just remember to provide it, or the function will in fact fail. PHP provides mysql_real_escape_string()to escape special characters in a string before sending a query to MySQL. long - the length of the from string. For nonbinary For the escape sequences that represent each of statement. "". It's totally free! Escapes special characters in the unescaped_string, taking into account the current character set of the connection so that it is safe to place it in a mysql_query().If binary data is to be inserted, this function must be used. This is simply a means of telling MySQL that this is not the single quote that ends the string, rather it is part of the actual string itself and should be treated as such. Isnt it nice that we dont have to escape characters all by ourselves? Learn MySQL from scratch for Data Science and Analytics. The problem is that "$table" is being . In this case, the API takes care of escaping special characters in the values for you. See MySQL recognizes the escape sequences shown in Table 9.1, "Special Character Escape Sequences".Table 9.1 Special Character Escape Sequences. If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed description of the concern or these characters, see In this episode well talk a little bit about SQL Injection, and the method used to combat it. There may be times when a string contains a literal single quote that is needed, but we need to make sure that MySQL understands that this particular single quote is not the end of string boundary, but an actual character that we want in the string. MySQL, Functions for escaping special characters in PHP MySQL, The difference between mysql_escape_string and addslashes is that, Mysql_escape_string always converts "'" to "\", Convert "'" to "" When magic_quotes_sybase = on, Convert "'" to "\" When magic_quotes_sybase = off. MySQL Server (and other popular DBMS) supports single quotes around numeric values. This function takes a string as its argument, and returns the string with any problem characters like a single quote automatically escaped for you. The ASCII 26 character can be encoded as \Z mysql_real_escape_string Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement Warning This extension was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0, and it was removed in PHP 7.0.0. You can do this in two ways: Process the string with a function that escapes the special Prevent SQL injection attacks against PL/SQL, Security impact of SQL injection and risk associated to vulnerable systems, Where SQL injection vulnerabilities could be found. This function was adopted by many to escape single quotes in strings and by the same occasion prevent SQL injection attacks. For all In the wonderful world of PHP, we sometimes run across insanely long function names with underscores in between the words. ' may be written as Sqlinjection.net was developed to provide information about SQL injection to students, IT professionals and computer security enthusiasts. Assume we have the following code: If the + isn't escaped, the pattern matches one or many occurrences of the character 2 followed by the character 3. It takes a string and then escapes it in such a way as to make it perfectly safe for MySQL statements. would otherwise be interpreted as wildcard characters. The \% and \_ sequences Section10.8.5, The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations.). \b - A backspace character. This reference contains string, numeric, date, and some advanced functions in MySQL. When the query is executed, all products' name are returned because the crafted parameter submitted by the attacker is considered as a part of the SQL segment. information about that option, see Section4.5.1, mysql The MySQL Command-Line Client. One of the main things to look out for is the single quote in strings. PHP provides some functions to make your query statement meet your requirements, such as mysql_escape_string. For those reasons, it is suggested to adopt alternative solutions such as parameterized statements or stored procedures as explained in the article aboutpreventing SQL injections in PHP (article available soon). \n A newline (linefeed) character. and provide relevant evidence. \r - A carriage return character. mysql_real_escape_string() C also be necessary to escape NUL or Control+Z. tl;dr - The preferred method for handling quotes and escape characters when storing data in MySQL columns is to use parameterized queries and let the MySQLDatabase driver handle it. The As we build up queries using dynamic data from our variables in PHP, you need to be careful that any data contained in those variables do not break the syntax as well. We need to pursue some basic rules for escaping special characters which are given below . The result can be used as a properly escaped data value in an SQL statement. sent to the MySQL server. products and services mentioned on that page don't have any relationship with Alibaba Cloud. For Instead, the MySQLior PDO_MySQLextension should be used. If we were inserting this into our database, it might look something like this: The problem is that the single quote included in the string may cause a problem for MySQL. Of course it would, so PHP added this ability to the language many moons ago. Developer > Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages. These statements db_name < When writing data to a database, sometimes the string to be written contains some special characters, such as ',',/, %, etc, I don't know if MySQL has such escape functions, not those APIs. Within the mysql client, binary strings escape() is a function property of the global object. MySQL String Functions MySQL Numeric Functions MySQL Date Functions MySQL Advanced Functions Previous Next This function was adopted by many to escape single quotes in strings and by the same occasion prevent SQL injection attacks. Why you say? strings, the unit is the character and some character sets Copyright 2020 SQLINJECTION.NET - All rights reserved. The first argument is the database connection itself, and the second is the string you want to cleanse. Usually I would just replace it like echo "select * .." | mysql .. | sed 's/\r/\\r/g', but there are too many unknown chars there. The mysqli_real_escape_string function takes two arguments. This is true even for strings that are preceded by an How to Escape Single Quote, Special Characters in MySQL Sometimes you may need to store single quote, double quote, apostrophe, backticks and other special characters in MySQL. 10 Tips for Mastering Pythons Built-In Datetime Module. The escape() function replaces all characters with escape sequences, with the exception of ASCII word characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _) and @*_+-./.Characters are escaped by UTF-16 code units. It's pretty obvious that we need to provide the string to clean, but the database connection is not as obvious. Example: Find if 2+3 exists in the string: Escape the + character in the pattern as . string must be escaped. These functions represent alternatives to mysqli::real_escape_string, as long as your DB connection and Multibyte extension are using the same character set (UTF-8), they will produce the same results by escaping the same characters as mysqli::real_escape_string. This function is used to create a legal SQL string that you can use in an SQL statement. It intends to be a reference about this security flaw. Since the last example is secured against SQL injections, the query generated will return no result (except if a product is really named as the green segment). Quote function is added in MySQL 4.0.3. many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that To prevent a wildcard match you must escape the corresponding character with a backslash. This function is used to create a legal SQL string that can be used in an SQL statement. More Detail. MySQL recognizes the escape sequences The given string is encoded to an escaped SQL string, taking into account the current character set of the connection. Here is what the last example would look like after the security fix: Malicious user input - A numeric value is expected by the script. ''. Its pretty obvious that we need to provide the string to clean, but the database connection is not as obvious. Programmers should be really careful when using mysql_real_escape_string function to sanitize numeric parameters since they are habitually integrated in the query without quotes. See Section23.9, MySQL Perl API. This is because one never knew if the configuration was on or off for Magic Quotes. MySQL LIKE Wildcards (MySQL has only 2 wildcards), some performance impact on LIKE operator (available soon), preventing SQL injections in PHP (article available soon). represent certain characters by escape sequences. In this case, the API takes care of escaping string of characters. Instead, the MySQLi or PDO_MySQL extension should be used. \% or \_ outside of string: A ' inside a string quoted with A binary string is a Let's suppose that we want to check for the string "67%" we can use; LIKE '67#%%' ESCAPE '#'; If we want to search for the movie "67% Guilty", we can use the script shown below to do that. the QUOTE() function. Well, it caused a lot of confusion for developers, and made programs much less portable from host to host. statements that construct other SQL statements, you can use A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. Recall the main problem is that pesky single quote. character_set_connection system \Z - ASCII 26 (Control-Z). For example, the following code uses the \\ escape character to use a dollar sign ($) as a literal character in a string: Section12.8.1, String Comparison Functions and Operators. characters that have a special meaning in SQL. collation. either single quote (') or double quote Quote function is added in MySQL 4.0.3. Implement function in C# to emulate functionality of mysql_real_escape_string () C API function. Prior to MySQL 8.0.17, the result returned by this function used the UTF-16 character set; in MySQL 8.0.17 and later, the character set and collation of the expression searched for matches is used. shown in Table9.1, Special Character Escape Sequences. MySQL recognizes the following escape sequences. N'literal' (or Method 1: In Navicat, right-click your connection and select Connection Properties. binary and a collation that is compatible A straightforward, though error-prone, way to prevent SQL injections is to escape API function to escape characters. escaped, and Control+Z may be taken for END-OF-FILE on Windows Precede the quote character by an escape character Since those characters are not escaped, they are considered as classic wildcards by the LIKE operator: % Matches an arbitrary number of characters (including zero character). create a string in the national character set. These sequences are case-sensitive. sent to the MySQL server. The world's most popular open source database, Download Perl DBI interface provides a quote The addslashes function inserts backslashes before characters with special meanings in SQL, such as single-quotes. Escaped Characters Just keep in mind that in those situations, the user could build input strings difficult to match and it might have some performance impact on LIKE operator (available soon). To use a literal instance of a special character in a regular expression . MySQL uses C escape syntax in strings . Note that mysql_real_escape_string doesn't prepend backslashes to \x00, \n, \r, and and \x1a as mentionned in the documentation, but actually replaces the character with a MySQL acceptable representation for queries (e.g. to enable you to work around the problem that ASCII 26 stands example, \x is just x. problems if you try to use mysql current, 8.0 Reference a string and return a result. (\). Within a string, certain sequences have special meaning unless A character string literal may have an optional character set The takeaway from this quick lesson is, keep your data safe by properly using the mysqli_real_escape_string function. In MySQL, strings must be enclosed by single quotes exclusively, so by putting this string inside of single quotes, the query is now broken and dangerous to the database. So instead of replacing . This is not a critical issue, however if an attacker tries to slow downthe application or make a DDOS it might be easier with a control over wildcards characters. Developer on Alibaba Coud: Build your first app with APIs, SDKs, and tutorials on the Alibaba Cloud. \b is interpreted as a backspace, but As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, enables you to insert special markers into a statement \n - A newline (linefeed) character. As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that enables you to insert special markers into a statement string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the statement. any of these special characters must be properly escaped before Character code ordering is a function of the string However, it can create serious security flaws when it is not used correctly. sequences. demonstrate how quoting and escaping work: To insert binary data into a string column (such as a See also MySQL: choosing an API guide. $val = mysql_real_escape_string($_GET['p']); Generated query (search all products where the description contains exact match of user input). support multibyte characters; comparisons use numeric character Description. \0 An ASCII NUL (0x00) character. This is based on research I did for my SQL Query Builder class: (Bug #94203, Bug #29308212) . Under the Advanced tab, enable Use MySQL character set. Each of these sequences begins with a backslash Currently if a value is entered with an apostrophe, it throws an error. Please provide the simplest, most elegant solution for minimal code changes. The following SELECT statements PHP provides mysql_real_escape_string () to escape special characters in a string before sending a query to MySQL. characters. Section10.3.8, Character Set Introducers. string of bytes. A comprehensive suite of global cloud computing services to power your business. This is one such instance. nonbinary string is a interfaces may provide a similar capability. mysql_real_escape_string(). If the parameter is null, The result value is the word "null" without single quotes ". The efficiency of MySQL nested query and connection query. It all started with the addslashes function some time in the past. PHP - Escape special characters (apostrophe, etc) in variables We need someone to help us escape apostrophes and any other special characters in our PHP variables for insertion into our MySQL database. This Is Not Good inside a string quoted with ' needs no As stated earlier in the article, the parameter sanitized by mysql_real_escape_string must be enclosed between quotes in order to avoid SQL injection (no matter the data type). with the character set. The mysql client truncates quoted strings Definition and Usage. Just remember to provide it, or the function will in fact fail. other escape sequences, backslash is ignored. the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is The problem of escaping strings goes all the way back to the beginnings of PHP. \Z ASCII 26 (Control-Z). mysql_real_escape_string Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement Warning This extension is deprecated as of PHP 5.5.0, and will be removed in the future. quotation marks because a string quoted within double quotation Sometimes we need to include special characters in a character string and at that time they must be escaped or protected. ASCII 26 within a file causes Japanese, 5.6 A string is a sequence of bytes or characters, enclosed within method to convert special characters to the proper escape The solution to this problem is to simply escape the string like so. MySQL Functions Dark mode Dark code MySQL Functions Previous Next MySQL has many built-in functions. See note following the table. \" A double quote (""") character. \' - A single quote ( ') character. \t A tab character. Alternatively, MySQL also has special character escape sequences as shown below: \0 - An ASCII NUL (0x00) character. the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is For binary strings, the unit is the This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on aliyun.com and is provided for information purposes only. Magic Quotes is a configuration directive in PHP that would automatically call addslashes on all GET, POST, or COOKIE data by default. This escape character tells jQuery to treat the character that follows it as a literal character rather than as part of the jQuery syntax. the --binary-as-hex. (\), known as the escape It prepends a backslash to every special character in the first parameter. If you use Here is a classic and secure way to use this function as input sanitizer for string parameters. Hello, I would like to allow the variable in the PHP code below called "$table" to contain special characters such as #, &, etc. This was a good idea, so good in fact, that it was made a default baked into the language by way of something called Magic Quotes. Alternatives to this function include: mysqli_real_escape_string () Moreover if you mistakenly call the function twice on the same data you will end up with incorrect information in your database. SELECT * FROM products WHERE description LIKE '%john\'s ca\_%'. Start building with 50+ products and up to 12 months usage for Elastic Compute Service, 24/7 Technical Support In a C program, you can use the If a hacker is able to carefully put together an URL string, form data, or cookie data, to nefariously inject their malicious SQL into yours, your database could become the victim of dropped tables, stolen data, entire databases being dropped, or worse. Section10.3.7, The National Character Set, and A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. BLOB column), you should if not escaped. If you find any instances of plagiarism from the community, please send an email to: A " inside a string quoted with It is not a big deal but if you make a large number of calls to mysql_real_escape_string it will slow down your database server. Escape Sequences. byte; comparisons use numeric byte values. When writing data to a database, sometimes the string to be written contains some special characters, such as ',',/, %, etc, I don't know if MySQL has such escape functions, not those APIs. Therefore, you can build up your queries in PHP as much as you like, then before you run the query, just make sure to put the fully assembled sting through mysqli_real_escape_string and all will be well. This Escapes special characters in the unescaped_string, taking into account the current character set of the connection so that it is safe to place it in a mysql_query().If binary data is to be inserted, this function must be used. The following lines are equivalent: If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is Examples: Quoted strings placed next to each other are concatenated to a and _ in pattern-matching contexts where they for END-OF-FILE on Windows. Alternatives to this function include: mysqli_real_escape_string() PDO::quote() Description That is, the Metla Sudha Sekhar. What exactly does mysql_real_escape_string function do? However, it can create serious security flaws when it is not used correctly. Assume it's interesting and varied, and probably something to do with programming. If the code unit's value is less than 256, it is represented by a two-digit hexadecimal number in the format %XX, left-padded with 0 if necessary. special treatment. \" - A double quote ( ") character. Not only that, youre bound to miss a few and introduce problems despite your best efforts. In certain client environments, it may This member has not yet provided a Biography. SQL Injection is the process of a malicious hacker on the internets that purposely tries to take advantage of the specific nature of SQL syntax, and the fact that it can be broken. 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